Major production sites include the Sudbury region in Canada (which is thought to be of meteoric origin), New Caledonia in the Pacific, and Norilsk in Russia. Nickel's other important ore minerals include pentlandite and a mixture of Ni-rich natural silicates known as garnierite. An economically important source of nickel is the iron ore limonite, which often contains 1–2% nickel. The element's name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to Old Nick), who personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook the ore for a copper mineral, in the cobalt mines of Los, Hälsingland, Sweden. Use of nickel (as a natural meteoric nickel–iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BCE. An iron–nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth's outer and inner cores. Meteoric nickel is found in combination with iron, a reflection of the origin of those elements as major end products of supernova nucleosynthesis. Even so, pure native nickel is found in Earth's crust only in tiny amounts, usually in ultramafic rocks, and in the interiors of larger nickel–iron meteorites that were not exposed to oxygen when outside Earth's atmosphere. Pure nickel, powdered to maximize the reactive surface area, shows a significant chemical activity, but larger pieces are slow to react with air under standard conditions because an oxide layer forms on the surface and prevents further corrosion ( passivation).
Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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